The FDA's final rule banning dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids
I. Question Presented
Whether the Food and Drug Administration's final rule prohibits the sale of ephedra products that do not contain ephedrine alkaloids?
II. Anaylysis
Under the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (FDCA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is provied broad authority to regulate food, drug, and dietary supplement products to ensure public health and safety. In 1994, Congress amended the FDCA to include the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), which authorizes the FDA to prevent "adulterated" deitary supplements from entering the market. Pursuant to DSHEA, a dietary suppplement is "auderlerated" if it "presents significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury under conditions of use recommended or suggested inlabeling, or if no conditons of use are suggested or recommended in the labeling, under ordinary conditions of use."
On February 6, 2004 the FDA announced that it was publishing a final rule declaring all dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids adulterated. The final rule was published on February 11, 2004, and became effective sixty days later, on April 12, 2004.
In the final rule, the FDA concluded that dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids are adulterated because they present an unreasonable risk of illness or injury under the conditions of use recommended or suggested in labeling, under ordinary conditions of use. To reach this conclusion, the FDA considered numberous studes and data related to the safety of dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids. The data came from three principal sources: the pharmacology of ephedrine alkaloids; scientific literature on the effects of ephedrine alkaloids; and adverse events that occurred in individuals who consumed dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids.
After examining the data, the FDA determined that dietary supplements containing epherine alkaloids pose a risk of serious adverse events, including heart attack, stroke, and death. It further concluded that those risks were unreasonable in light of the modest, short-term benefits that result from using such products. The FDA also noted that it had not been presented with sufficient evidence to establisha safe dose of ephedrine or ephedrine alkaloids. Because no such does could be identified, the FDA determined that even minimal amounts of ephedrine alkaloids present unreasonable risks and should not be allowed on the market.
The six principal ephedrine alkaloids that are pharmacologically active in botanicals include ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, methylephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, and methypseudoephedrine. Each of these alkaloids is included in the ban. Accordingly, a range of dieary supplements derived from botanicals are banned, including ma huang, sida cordifolia L. (also known as country mallow and bala), pinellia ternate (also known as ban xia), and most members of the genus ephedra that contain ephedrine alkaloids (ephedra sinica stapf, ephedra equisetina bunge, ephedra intermedia var, tibetica stapf, and ephedra distachya L.).
The FDA made clear, however, that several products are not included int he ban. For instance, the prohibition does not apply to conventional food products that contain ephedrine alkaloids. The final rule also does not apply to over-the-counter drugs or prescription drugs containing ephedrine alkaloids. Furhter, the rule does not affect preparations under traditional Chinese medicine, because such preparations are intended for episodic (respiratory infections) rather than chronic use.
Moreover, the final rule does not indicate that ephedrine alkaloid-free dietary supplements are included in the ban. Nor does the FDA indicate that there is any evidence that ephedrine alkaloid free products present significant or unreasonable risks. Thus, ephedrine alkaloid-free dietary supplements do not appear to be affected by the final rule. Indeed, the FDA noted that most North American species of Ephedra (Mormon tea) do not contain ephedrine alkaloids and, therefore, excluded them from the ban.
III. Conclusion
The final rule applies to all dietary supplements that contain ephedrine alkaloids. Ephedrine alkaloid-free dietary supplements do not appear to be included. Therefore, assuming it is possible to make a dietary suppplement from ephedra which contains no ephedrine alkaloids, it appears that such a product would not be subject to the final fule.
On May 24, 2007 the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) returned 8,640 bottles of Lipodrene with 25 mg of ephedra extract to Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals, Inc., which was wrongly seized in February 2007. The DEA and FDA determined that Hi-Tech's ephedra products were not in violation of the FDA's ban on ephedrine alkaloids and also were not subject to diversion for illicit drug use under DEA guidelines.
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